The Dunning-Kruger Effect is a cognitive bias where individuals with low ability or knowledge in a particular area overestimate their own competence. This effect was identified by psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger in 1999. It suggests that people with limited understanding often lack the self-awareness to recognize their own deficiencies, leading them to believe they are more skilled or knowledgeable than they actually are. Conversely, individuals with higher competence may underestimate their abilities, assuming tasks are as easy for others as they are for themselves. This effect highlights the importance of self-awareness and continuous learning to accurately assess one’s own abilities.